Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba (Spain) - Learn Islam

Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba – The Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba) is a former Moorish Mosque, firstly built circa 800 CE. Today, formally regarded by way of its ecclesiastical name, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), it’s far affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Córdoba. Due to its fame as a former Islamic mosque, it’s also called the Great Mosque of Córdoba (Mezquita de Córdoba), or virtually as the Mezquita.

Architecture
- Door of San Esteban
- Door of the Palms
- Courtyard of the Orange Trees
- Mihrab of al-Hakim II
- Hypostyle Prayer Hall
- Main Chapel
- Minaret and Bell Tower

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Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba– Timeline: Mosque-Cathedral Of Cordoba

Mid sixth Century: In the mid-sixth century, it became the site of the San Vicente Basilica with Lampadio, Agapio, and Eleuterio as the Bishops.
786-788: A Muslim chapel become built in a conventional Basilica layout and structured into 11 naves.
788: The first minaret in all of al-Andalus become constructed this yr.
833-848: Due to the population growth, the mosque turned into elevated, with 8 naves delivered to the south.
951-952: A new minaret, accomplishing forty seven meters in peak, turned into constructed and served as an instance for minarets that had been constructed in Marrakesh, Rabat, and Seville.
962-966: The prayer corridor changed into enlarged, and the Caliphate of Cordoba built a brand new Masqurah and Qibla.
991-994: The chapel changed into prolonged closer to the east as opposed to the south because the mosque turned into too close to the river.
1146: Don Raimundo, the archbishop of Toledo, and King Alfonso VII celebrated Holy Mass for the first time in the mosque.
1236: This turned into the second dedication to a catholic church when the consecration to Catholic worship passed off.
1371: The Royal Chapel changed into completed with a square look by Enrique II and housed the tombs of Alfonso XI and Fernando IV.
1489: The first Christian paintings at the building become a Gothic nave erected dealing with east and included with a gabled wooden frame.
1523: Work turned into completed on the transept via Herman Ruiz I beneath the orders of Bishop Alonso Manrique.
1593: Hernan Ruiz III started the first phase of the construction of the Bell Tower and enveloped the antique minaret, which became poorly maintained in a thick wall.
1597: Bishop Francisco de Reinoso ordered the development of a courtyard lawn arranged in three squares with paths in among them.
1599-1607: Juan de Ochoa, a master builder, protected the dome of the transept with an oval choir vault.
1618: Work on the Main Altarpiece started out this yr under Bishop Diego de Mardones, which turned into in the end finished in 1713.
1748: Work on one of the satisfactory choir stalls in all of Spain commenced underneath the master sculptor Pedro Duque Cornejo.
1816: Particio Furriel restored the mosaics of the Mihrab, which have been hidden beneath the altarpiece of the antique San Pedro chapel.
1879-1923: Velazquez Bosco took at the assignment of recuperating the Islamic legacy of the monument and dismantled the Baroque vault and altarpieces of the Villaviciosa chapel.
1882: Under the Royal Order of 1992, the Holy Church Cathedral of Cordoba changed into declared a National Monument, due to its artistic and ancient importance.
1931-1936: Archaeological excavations of the unique mosque and the Patio de los Naranjos have been conducted by means of Felix Gernandez.
1984: UNESCO declared the Cordoba Mosque-Cathedral a World Heritage Site in 1984.
1991: Restoration paintings started out at the tower of the Mezquita de Cordoba, which nonetheless held the remains of the antique minaret. The work became subsequently completed in 2014 and was opened to tourists.
2006-2009: Restoration work occurred at the vault interiors, choir ceiling, vault arches, and partitions.
2014: UNESCO ratified its World Heritage Site tag and awarded the Mezquita de Cordoba the ‘Site of Outstanding Universal Value.’

Overview

The Great Mosque turned into constructed at the orders of Abd ar-Rahman I in 785 CE, while Córdoba become the capital of the Muslim-managed vicinity of al-Andalus. The mosque became converted to a cathedral in 1236 CE while Córdoba changed into captured by using the Christian forces of Castile in the course of the Reconquista.

The mosque structure is appeared as an crucial monument in the history of Islamic architecture and is taken into consideration by using many pupils to were exceptionally influential on the following “Moorish” structure of the western Mediterranean areas of the Muslim international.

Door of San Esteban

Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba – The Puerta de San Esteban, formerly known as the Bab al-Wuzara (باب الوزراء) in Arabic, is one of the oldest properly-preserved and traditionally sizeable gateways of Moorish architecture. It became at the beginning the gate through which the Muslim emir and his officers entered the mosque and it presumably existed for the reason that mosque’s first creation by way of Abd ar-Rahman I in the eighth century.

However, its decoration changed into completed by Muhammad I in 855 CE. Centuries of sluggish deterioration and restoration attempts have erased a few factors of its decoration, however main authentic aspects of it continue to be. Its ancient-architectural importance derives from being the earliest surviving instance to display the classic decorative functions of Moorish gateways: a door topped through a horseshoe arch with voussoirs of alternating shade, which in turn is framed by means of a square alfiz.

Door of the Palms

The Door of the Palms (Puerta de las Palmas) is the grand ceremonial gate from the Courtyard of the Oranges to the current cathedral’s indoors, constructed on what became initially a uniform façade of open arches main to the previous mosque’s prayer corridor.

Originally known as the Arco de Bendiciones (Arch of the Blessings), it changed into the setting for the ceremonial blessing of the royal flag, a ritual which turned into a part of a Spanish monarch’s coronation ceremony. Its current form dates from the healing and remodelling done via Hernán Ruiz I in 1533, who created a plateresque façade above the doorway. The facade’s statues depict the Annunciation while, unusually, the smaller figures in the lower corners depict mythological creatures.

Courtyard of the Orange Trees

The courtyard is known nowadays as the Patio de los Naranjos or “Courtyard of the Orange Trees”. Until the 11th century, the mosque courtyard (also called a sahn) changed into unpaved earth with citrus and palm trees irrigated in the beginning via rainwater cisterns and later by aqueduct. Excavation shows the trees had been planted in a pattern, with floor irrigation channels. The stone channels visible nowadays aren’t authentic. As in most mosque courtyards, it had fountains or water basins to help Muslims perform ritual ablutions before prayer.

Mihrab of al-Hakim II

al-Hakam II delivered a richly-adorned new mihrab and maqsura section (finished in 971 CE). The chambers on either aspect of the mehrab are adorned with top notch Byzantine mosaics of gold as nicely. This was the third mehrab to be installed inside the Mosque.

Hypostyle Prayer Hall

Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba – The mosque’s hypostyle corridor dates from the authentic production, improved over numerous eras and served as its principal prayer area for Muslims. Rows of double-tiered arches divided the unique building into 11 aisles or “naves” going for walks from north to south, later extended to 19 through al-Mansur’s expansion. The about 850 columns are product of jasper, onyx, marble, granite and porphyry.

In the original mosque, all the columns and capitals were reused from earlier Roman and Visigothic buildings, however subsequent expansions noticed the incorporation of latest Moorish-made capitals that advanced from in advance Roman fashions.

Main Chapel

The cathedral’s major chapel (Capilla Mayor) is positioned at the cruciform nave and transept on the middle of the constructing. This cruciform phase was began in 1523 and finished in 1607 CE. The layout and ornament of the ensemble consists of giant iconography. The Gothic-fashion vault over the main altar is carved with snap shots of musical angels, saints, apostles, and an image of Emperor Charles V (Carlos V), with an picture of Mary on the middle.

Minaret and Bell Tower

Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba – Abd al-Rahman III introduced the mosque’s first minaret (tower used by the muezzin for the call to prayer) within the mid-10th century. The minaret has seeing that disappeared after it became in part demolished and encased inside the Renaissance bell tower that is visible nowadays, which was designed via Hernán Ruiz III and constructed among 1593 and 1617.